Presidential Executive Order

Presidential Executive Order Executive orders (EOs) are official documents, numbered consecutively, by which the President of the U.S. manages the operations of the Federal Government.Since 1789, US presidents (the executive) have issued directives that are now known as executive orders. These are legally binding directives to federal administrative agencies. Executive orders are generally used to direct federal agencies and officials as their agencies implement a congressionally-established law. However, executive orders may be controversial if the President is acting counter to real or perceived legislative intent.History of Executive OrdersPresident George Washington issued the first executive order three months after being sworn into office . Four months later, 3 October 1789, Washington used this power to proclaim the first national day of thanksgiving.The term executive order was initiated by President Lincoln in 1862, and most executive orders were unpublished until the early 1900s when the State Departme nt began numbering them. Since 1935, presidential proclamations and executive orders of general applicability and legal effect must be published in the Federal Register unless doing so would threaten national security.Executive Order 11030, signed in 1962, established the proper form and process for presidential executive orders. The Director of the Office of Management and Budget is responsible for managing the process.The executive order is not the only type of presidential directive. Signing statements are another form of a directive, specifically associated with a piece of legislation passed by Congress. Types of Executive Orders There are two types of executive order. The most common is a document directing executive branch agencies how to carry out their legislative mission. The other type is a declaration of policy interpretation which intended for a wider, public audience.The text of executive orders appears in the daily Federal Register as each executive order is signed by the President and received by the Office of the Federal Register. The text of executive orders beginning with Executive Order 7316 of 13 March 1936, also appears in the sequential editions of Title 3 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). Access and Review The National Archives maintains an online record of Executive Order Disposition Tables. The tables are compiled by President and maintained by the Office of the Federal Register. The first is President Franklin D. Roosevelt.The Codification of Presidential Proclamations and Executive Orders covers the period 13 April 1945, through 20 January 1989 a period encompassing the administrations of Harry S. Truman through Ronald Reagan. Executive Orders Signed by George W. Bush - 262, EOs 13198 - 13466 (17 July 2008)Executive Orders Signed by William J. Clinton - 364, EOs 12834-13197Executive Orders Signed by George Bush - 166, EOs 12668-12833Executive Orders Signed by Ronald Reagan - 381, EOs 12287-12667Executive Orders Signed by Jimmy Carter - 320, EOs 11967-12286Executive Orders Signed by Gerald Ford - 169, EOs 11798-11966Executive Orders Signed by Richard Nixon - 346, EOs 11452-11797Executive Orders Signed by Lyndon B. Johnson - 324, EOs 11128-11451Executive Orders Signed by John F. Kennedy - 214, EOs 10914-11127Executive Orders Signed by Dwight D. Eisenhower - 486, EOs 10432-10913Executive Orders Signed by Harry S. Truman - 896, EOs 9538-10431Executive Orders Signed by Franklin D. Roosevelt - 3,728, EOs 6071-9537 Revoking An Executive OrderIn 1988, President Reagan banned abortions at a   military hospital except in cases of rape or incest or when the mothers life is threatened. President Clinton rescinded it with another executive order. A Republican Congress then codified this restriction in an appropriations bill. Welcome to the Washington, D.C. merry-go-round. Because executive orders relate to how one president manages his executive branch team, there is no requirement that subsequent presidents follow them. They may do as Clinton did, and replace an old executive order with a new one or they may simply revoke the prior executive order.Congress can also revoke a presidential executive order by passing a bill by a veto-proof (2/3 vote) majority. For example, in 2003 Congress unsuccessfully attempted to revoke President Bushs Executive Order 13233, which had rescinded Executive Order 12667 (Reagan). The bill, HR 5073 40, did not pass. Controversial Executive Orders Presidents have been accused of using the power of the executive order to make, not merely implement, policy. This is controversial, as it subverts the separation of powers as outlined in the Constitution.President Lincoln used the power of presidential proclamation to initiate the Civil War. On 25 December 1868, President Andrew Johnson issued the Christmas Proclamation, which pardoned all and every person who directly or indirectly participated in the late insurrection or rebellion related to the Civil War. He did so under his constitutional authority to grant pardons; his action was subsequently upheld by the Supreme Court.President Truman desegregated the armed forces via Executive Order 9981. During the Korean War, on 8 April 1952, Truman issued Executive Order 10340  in order to avert a steel mill workers strike called for the following day. He did so with public regret. The case Youngstown Sheet Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579 (1952) went all the way to the Supreme Court , which sided with the steel mills. Workers [url linkdemocraticcentral.com/showDiary.do?diaryId1865]immediately went on strike. A half million workers were laid off as companies lacked steel to keep plants running. The number of railroad cars loaded in the week ending July 7, 1952, was the lowest since records had been kept, and many railroads began to suffer financial difficulty. California growers faced a loss of $200 million because there was not enough steel to make cans for their vegetable crops. On July 22, the United States Army shut down its largest shell-making plant due to a lack of steel. President Eisenhower used Executive Order 10730  to begin the process of desegregating Americas public schools.

The Power of Monitary Policy on Your Life †Economics Essay

The Power of Monitary Policy on Your Life – Economics Essay Free Online Research Papers What is monetary policy and how does it operate? What are its advantages and disadvantages compared to fiscal policy with reference to the current state of the economy (domestic and global), discuss the kind of monetary policy the reserve bank of Australia should be pursuing. Monetary policy is a powerful force effect on economy, it closed relate to our life. It is all the actions taken by the central bank which involves changes in the base rate of interest influence the rate of the growth of aggregate demand, the money supply and price inflation. This essay will talk about how it operates, and to explain the advantages and disadvantages of monetary policy comparing with fiscal policy. Also will discuss the kind of monetary policy the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) should be pursuing. The process of monetary policy is when monetary policy takes actions to make the interest rate higher or lower by changing the money supply. The central bank can effect investment, net export and consumption in the short term. When central bank buys bonds in the open market, it increases the money supply and the interest rate falls. Conversely the money supply decreases and the interest rate rise. It is called open market operation. Thus, it causes the departure of real GDP from potential GDP between boom and recession period. Furthermore, the central bank uses monetary policy to speed the real GDP return to potential GDP during the recoveries from recessions. Finally, monetary policy also determines the inflation rate, which can affect productivity and the growth of potential GDP in the long run. It has become apparent that economic developments over recent months point to continued good growth of the Australian economy. Major factors contributing to the continually increasing economy include positive investment expectation, and consumer confidence with regard to the consumption of the goods. In addition, the Australian election is likely to further accelerate the expansion of the economy in domestic, which is due to the rising government expenditure in order for the major parties to gain advantages in the election campaign. For instance, according to the statement of monetary policy in August 2004, in the March quarter, the terms of trade was 10 per cent higher than a year earlier, and they are likely to have risen further in the June quarter. Hence, there is a lot of evidences that the real GDP is currently above potential GDP. Monetarists say â€Å"that fiscal policy is less effective than monetary policy or not effective at all†¦. Because of political constraints an d budget cycles, fiscal policy is generally less flexible than monetary policy.† So what are advantages and disadvantages compare to fiscal policy, first of all, monetary policies have much less interferes with the freedom of the market than fiscal policy. It is not interferes particular sectors of the economy. For example, it cuts downs the rate of total spending by using a tight monetary policy. But that tight monetary policy can affect whole economy and it does not just affect a particular sector of the economy. It can let market to decide which expenditures should increase, or not. In recently, the oil price has increased very significantly which hits the history record. It has big impact on the interest rate. The high oil prices force the Reserve Bank to put interest rate on hold at 4.5 per cent in Australia and the high oil price will also slow down the globe economy growth. The oil price example shows us a particular sector that can also affect the Reserve Bank’s monetary policy. Secondly, monetary policy is more flexible than fiscal policy. In Australia because the Reserve Bank Board normally meets eleven times each year, they almost meet every month. That can let them to make decision more often which can help Australia to use better monetary policy to deal with economy changes. But for the fiscal policy is hard to change that because in Australia, fiscal policy is defined as the government’s plans for spending, for taxes and for borrowing to finance the budget deficit. The Federal Government submits a new budget to Parliament each year for the following financial year that is why economists frequently disagree about fiscal policy. For example, the cost of war on Iraq will give big change for government spending and borrowing. So the fiscal policy is not as flexible as monetary policy. Finally, because the central bank is independent it may can act in the best interests of the country. It is insulated from political pressures. Politicians’ can use fiscal or monetary policy to affect the outcome of their election. For example, the government uses economic policy to cause a boom just before election and let the economy slow down right after the election. The both policy can raise the GDP in short term, but not for long term. So it is the best to keep central bank independence. For example, the Australian election on 9th Oct likely to further accelerate the expansion of the economy in Australia, which is due to the rising government expenditure in order for the major parties to gain advantage in the election campaign. There is also a disadvantage for the central bank independence that because those in charge of central bank could say, high inflation is not harmful, or at other extreme. If the economy is in recession during that period the central bank could mak e existing recession worse. Although monetary policy has more advantages than fiscal policy, and it is more powerful then fiscal policy, it can only stabilize short- term economic activity, but can not affect employment and output in the long run. In conclusion, although the Australian economy has been in a boom in recent times, it still could be noticed that the Reserve Bank faces something of a dilemma as it tends towards increasing the interest rates, which results from political implications and concerns of the inflation outlook for 2005. However, based on the sufficient economic data and the rising trajectory of the inflation forecasted by lots of economists, a lift in interest rates in the future could be justified by the recent economic situation. Therefore, in order to adjust the boom and avoid the impacts of the inflation, the RBA should impose its tightened monetary policy in response to the recent economic problems in the society. Word count: 1009 References: ‘Statement of monetary policy’, Reserve Bank of Australia (August 2004), [Electronic],Available: Accessed: 09/10/2004. Carew, E (2004) â€Å"the language of money† Accessed:09/10/2004 Taylor, J.B Moosa, I (2002). Monetary policy, Macroeconomics, 2nd edition, pp.358-374 Research Papers on The Power of Monitary Policy on Your Life - Economics EssayPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2Incorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationDefinition of Export QuotasOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of Self